Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible” Essay Essay Example

Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† Essay Essay Example Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† Essay Essay Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† Essay Essay Unfair Justice Systems ; A comparing of the West Memphis Three and The CrucibleImagine posing at place one dark and holding constabulary officers show up at your hosiery and apprehension you for a offense you had no thought was committed. Three teenage male childs in West Memphis. Arkansas and over 39 characters in The Crucible went through precisely that. The West Memphis three is the test of three teenage male childs who were charged with killing two eight-year-old oys in the forests and taking a hatred group. The test portrayed in The Crucible are based on the existent life Salem Witch Trials. the accused in the drama were charged with witchery. Evidence in both instances was deficient and largely oculus witnessed. Both offenses committed were abstract and referred to as the Satans work. All accused in both tests were doomed from the beginning. In The Crucible to salvage oneself if accused 1 must squeal to something they didnt do and so name people that did make it. fundamentally if they wanted to populate thy had to lie and impeach other guiltless people. The West Memphis three had to travel through the tribunal system with corrupt people lying and no manner to turn out themselves guiltless. Arthur Miller portrayed the grounds in The Crucible as merely oculus witness histories and junior-grade concluding. such as the ability to forge a swoon. The characters that danced in the forests were considered dependable and what they said was all that was needed to convict the people of witchery. In the existent life histories of the West Memphis three. the grounds used against the adolescents were black Metallica shirts. the confession that didnt fit the incident. and equals that told the constabulary that they overheard one of the adolescents say they were traveling to kill two male childs. The equals narrative subsequently changed when under curse but the justice reffered back to the first narrative to assist convict the accused. In both instances the accusers could non counter argue the grounds because it was their word against the informants. Before the West Memphis trials the constabulary had a confession from all three teenage male childs. T was used against them in tribunal. The ground for the confession. some argue. is a status called Satanic Panic. Person who has Satanic Panic creates false memories that place themselves at the scene of the offense they were accused of. The offense usually is devil related. for illustration colza. thaumaturgy. and jujus are all known as the work of the Satan. Peoples who are diagnosed with Satanic Panic are usually besides diagnosed with Multiple Personality Disorder. The enchantresss in The Crucible were charged with harming others with thaumaturgy. They had to squeal themselves to maintain themselves from being hanged. This is an illustration of how Demonic Panic is described. When Mary Warren says. Its non a fast one! I-I used to conk because I-I thought I saw liquors. ( miller 47 ) she is depicting Hysteria. or Satanic Panic ; she created the liquors because the other misss saw t he. In The Crucible Hale. an expert in the country of witchery. played a big function in the courtroom. In the test of the adolescents there was a physician who was an expert in the country of stanic terror. Bing experts in such countries are difficult to turn out. the physician of demonic terror did non hold a grade or any cogent evidence that he studied such a topic. He simply stated that he has worked with patients claiming to make things because the Satan told them to. In the drama Hale merely forces people to squeal to salvage their lives. which is non the work of a physician but more of a inducer. Both work forces subsequently on reviewed the instance. the accused. and the grounds and wanted to salvage the guiltless people. Hale describes his alteration of sentiment by stating. Let you non misidentify your responsibility as I mistook my ain. ( miller 58 ) THey besides were unsuccessful. Both offenses are abstract. significance that there is no grounds attainable for a merely strong belief. but both offenses have serious effects. In The Crucible the people who denied being a enchantress were sentenced to be hanged. Two of the adolescents were sentenced to be hanged. Two of the adolescents were sentenced to life in prison and the last was sentenced to decease by injection. Is that just? The adolescents still had a full life in forepart of them but because they were used as whipping boies. it was cut short. Can you name a justness system that convicts people for such offenses merely? The 1994 instance of the West Memphis three and the 1953 play The Crucible have similarities. Abstract strong beliefs. false accusals. and unfair executings are all portion of both tests. Neither history is something to be proud of. nor should such times be repeated. When you look at such similar occures. which are separated by four decennaries. you begin to inquire if worlds truly learn from their errors. Jessie Misskelley. Damien Echols. and Jason Baldwin. the West Memphis three. are sitting in gaol ; they have been at that place for 5220 yearss and expecting their decease. Spreading cognition of this horrid instance and raising support could assist acquire them and appeal and salvage three guiltless people.

How to Write a Graduate School Acceptance Letter

How to Write a Graduate School Acceptance Letter Youve  applied to graduate schools, and lo and behold, youve been accepted to the program of your dreams. You may think youre all set and you need only  pack your  bags, book a flight or load your car, and head out to grad school. But, you need to take one more step to ensure your position at the school will be open and ready for you when you arrive: Youll need to write an acceptance letter. Admissions officers have to be sure that you are ready to attend; otherwise, they will likely give your spot to another candidate. Before Writing Your Letter or Email Your graduate school applications were just the first step. Maybe you received  several  offers of admission, maybe not. Either way, remember to share the good news with friends and family first. Dont forget to thank your mentors and people who wrote  recommendation letters on your behalf. You want to maintain your educational and professional contacts as your academic career progresses. Writing Your Reply Most grad programs notify applicants of their acceptance- or rejection- by email or phone, although a few still send formal letters by mail. Regardless of how youre notified, dont immediately say yes. This is especially important if the good news comes in a phone call. Thank the caller, likely a professor, and explain that you will reply soon. Dont worry: You wont suddenly have your acceptance revoked if you briefly delay. Most programs give accepted students a window of a few days- or even up to a week or two- to decide. Once youve had a chance to digest the good news and consider your options, its time to write your graduate school acceptance letter. You can respond via a letter that you send through the mail or you can reply by email. In either case, your response should be short, respectful, and clearly indicate your decision. Sample Acceptance Letter or Email Feel free to use the sample letter or email below. Simply replace the name of the professor, admissions officer, or admissions committee of the school as appropriate: Dear Dr. Smith (or Admissions Committee): I am writing to accept your offer to enroll in the X program at [graduate university]. Thank you, and I appreciate your time and consideration during the admissions process. I look forward to attending your program this fall and am excited by the opportunities that await. Sincerely, Rebecca R. Student Though your correspondence seemingly states the obvious, it is very important that you make it clear that you intend to enroll in the graduate program. And, being polite- such as saying thank you- is always important in any official correspondence. Before You Send the Letter or Email As you would with any important correspondence, take the time to reread your letter or email before you send it. Ensure that it doesnt have any misspellings or grammatical errors. Once youre satisfied with your acceptance letter, send it. If youve been accepted into more than one grad program, youve still got some homework to do. Youll need to write a letter declining an offer of admissions  to each of the programs you rejected. As with your acceptance letter, make it short, direct, and respectful.

English SLP 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English SLP 5 - Essay Example Following are the highlights of my related skills and qualification: BE Mechanics. MBA Operations Management. 7 years of experience in textile industry where my core job responsibilities were to maintain production plants, analysis of production reports and procurement of new machinery. 5 years of experience in cement industry where I joined as an operations manager. Here my basic responsibility was to look after the existing facility. I have been concerned about location design, selection and maintenance of facility as part of my current job. Operations managers are critically required to assist all the business activities while ensuring the smooth flow of input, process and output (Greasley, 2008). As per the requirement of United States Steel Corporation, I possess sound understanding of location management and hence I will prove beneficial for your organization in terms of future strategic decisions and facility planning. Effective and efficient planning is the core component of achieving competitive advantage because it outlines the fundamental goals and objectives while giving an execution procedure to the company (Arnold, et. al., 2011). I have good communication skills which are essential for managers. Moreover, I can perform exceptionally well in terms of generating electronic reports and analyzing data. Computer skills including preparation of data sheets, online research and data interpretation are the sole responsibilities of an operations manager at US Steel Mill and I can surely perform well on all these job related tasks. Professionally I am very flexible and available to work at different schedules. The operations manager is required to perform distinctive job responsibilities and I can effectively manage different tasks simultaneously. Hence I will prove productive for the organization due to my huge experience in different industries and also because of my critical thinking and quick analysis. I can efficiently meet short deadlines without com promising on the quality of work. Moreover, I can coordinate with other departments including sales, marketing, human resource, finance, accounting etc. In addition to this I work with due consideration to the ethical code of conduct while refraining from breach of law. This can be further verified from my enclosed certificates and awards received from my past experience. I can surely benefit the organization in different ways while maintaining its prestige and reputation in society. I am looking forward to serve you through all possible ways while utilizing my skills and abilities. Enclosed is my resume for your consideration. Sincerely, [Name] E-mail to Mother Dear Mom, I am excited to inform you that United States Steel Corporation is now offering a vacancy in operations department. It was my dream to serve the US steel mill as an operations manager and hence I immediately sent my resume and all other related documents. The Human Resource Manager has called me for an interview on this Friday at the Steel Mill Headquarters and therefore I will leave today by the evening. Although my dream is about to get fulfilled yet I am worried about your response because after shifting there I would not be able to meet you every Sunday nor I would be able to have random conversions with others at home. Surely I will miss the precious family time we spend together.

G Protein Coupled Receptor Function in Bipolar Disorder Type Research Proposal

G Protein Coupled Receptor Function in Bipolar Disorder Type - Research Proposal Example The paper tells that bipolar disorder is a complex psychiatric disease having genetic basis. This is mainly due to the chemical imbalance bipolar disorder affects up to 3 percent of the total population. According to World Health Organization report of 2001, bipolar disorder stands fifth for the cause of disability among the adults. Male and female are affected by this disease in equal ratio. This disease can develop at any age and takes several years for complete development in the individual. Bipolar disorder is a family disease. It is the combination of stigma, disability and cognitive impairment. Depression causes the emergence of this disease in people. The lacks of neurotransmitters at the brain are found to be associated with the bipolar disorder. The symptoms of bipolar disorder are elevated mood, different thoughts, pressurized speech, less need for sleep, increase in the goal directed activity, poor judgment and tangential speech. Bipolar disorder is associated with long te rm morbidity, co morbidity, disability and increased mortality rates due to suicide accidents etc. G- Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprises a super family of cell membrane receptors with many common features having a single polypeptide with many membrane spanning domains. GPCRS have seven transmembrane proteins with hetero-trimers. There is an alpha sub unit which binds to guanine nucleotides. GPCRs play important role in the development and regulation of cellular physiology. They participate in the diversified physiological functions and are the targets of many drugs. The ligands are very diverse such as amides, peptides, proteins, lipids, nucleotides and photons. GPCRs have many alternating signalling pathways and interact mainly with the proteins such as arrestins and kinases. 90% of the nonsensory GPCRs are present in the brain and they play many important neuronal functions. There are five dopamine receptors D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 divided into two groups based on the seque nce and functional similarities. D1 like (D1 and D5) and D2 like (D2, D3, D4). (Pompili et al., 2011).These dopamine receptors are believed to be involved in the brain disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, addiction, and Huntington’s disease. The D4 receptor is activated by the dopamine receptor present in the brain. The mutations in the GPCRs have resulted in a number of diseases in human. The mutations may be activating mutations or inactivating mutations. D1, D2 are shown to have a greater interaction with the bipolar disorder. All the antipsychotic drugs block the dopamine D2 receptors and are

Advantage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advantage - Research Paper Example John Lewis is a chain of up market stores that exists throughout Great Britain. John Lewis is one of the best known brands in all of Britain, when it comes to the design; the company has what can be described as brand creative teams that consist of 55 people that help achieve differentiation. This paper will describe the differentiation advantages that John Lewis has in the United Kingdom market. The positive attitude that the company has with design started early in the 1960’s and has continued ever since. John Lewis has been able to take differentiation to another level in the United Kingdom by offering differentiation to its clients as an offer-demand axis. The company initially had a problem with differentiating its products from others in the market because it deals with goods that are standardized. However, despite the fact that the products that the company deals with has the same physical appearance as other companies, it has been able to repackage its products and therefore, the products often appear very different in the eyes of the consumers. The above image shows the way in which the company packages its products, this has been described as one of the best way of differentiation in the market and has set the company John Lewis way out of league for its competitors. With this differentiation technique the company has been able effectively lead from the top and therefore, attract a lot of high end customers. The differentiation has also been intangible. John Lewis is known to be a high end store and consequently this has been one of the company’s differentiations from other competitors in the industry. Therefore, in this aspect if can be seen that the differentiation does not come in terms of tangible perception but rather it is the market that the company wishes to get. One can be able to see the value in the brand which sales on itself and therefore, the object of the differentiation at this position can be to attract

State and Non-state Actors in International Politics

State and Non-state Actors in International Politics INTRODUCTION At the International scene, there are many players engaged in what is regarded as the game of international Politics. One of the oldest and universally acknowledged actors on the modern world stage is the state. A state is a type of polity that is an organized political community living under a single system of government[1]. A Political community is referred to as a government responsible for the citizens under the government. It has been earlier assumed that international relations are made up of the relations between states. International relations can be likened to a series of actions that promote interactions between states. Actors are entities that participate in or promote international relations. The two types of actors involved in international relations include State and non-state actors. State actors represent a government while non-state actors do not. However, they have impact on the state actors. A definition of world politics involving only states as the actors has been challenged since the late 1960s and the early 1970s, since many other actors have become way more involved in the process of international political. Due to this, international relations promotes International pluralism fostering national interactions. The forces of globalization and liberalization in the last three decades of the twentieth century have resulted in a transformation in the world economic structure, thereby undermining the ability of states to govern in full capacity. These great global transformations have had a major influence and have modified the traditional paradigm and theories of international relations, most especially the school of thought of realism due to its basic proposition that actors represent the states, and the states operate a system of anarchy. The realist school of thought has however been criticized for its focus on the state view of international relations and its shallow focus on the problems of war and peace. IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF ACTORS IN WORLD POLITICS Actors in world politics, states and non-state actors, per Professor Ryo Osiba of Hitotsubashi University, can be defined as entities which have the following three features:[2] (a) They should have overall capacity to decide on their purposes and interests. (b) They should also have the capability to mobilize necessary resources to achieve these purposes and interests and be passionate about appealing for global cooperation. (c) Their actions should be significant enough to influence the state-to-state relations or the behaviour of other non-state actors in the global system. Inter-Governmental Organization Even if states are l the dominant actors on the world stage (which is still an argument), they are not at all the only ones. A group of very important players in the International scene is the intergovernmental organizations otherwise known as the IGOs. Intergovernmental organizations are established by states, most times through a treaty. The most well-known intergovernmental organizations are the United Nations (UN). Some other IGOs include the Food and Agriculture Organization, International Labour Organization, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Maritime Organization, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Food Programme, etc.[3]. Since, IGOs only operate by the consent of states, states maintain their sovereignty. Furthermore, most IGOs really do not possess the power to enforce state follow up with their decisions. At least, not without the help of powerful states. For example, since the United States is a permanent member of the UNs Security Coun cil, along with China, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom, it can veto any substantive UN resolution. In accordance to liberal institutionalism, states join Intergovernmental Organisations because it is in their interest to do so. Their membership makes certain problems easily solved and at a less cost than without them. Liberal institutionalism particularly, focuses on collective problems, such as the security dilemma, the appeal to execute competitive tariffs, and the difficulty in agreeing to protect the environment. [4] There is a need for States to correspond and work with one other to oversee other states to make sure that they are honouring their commitments to acknowledge many of the problems. For example, in the free trade case, the World Trade Organization was created to coordinate the negotiation of tariffs and to further provide a mechanism and avenue for the resolving of disputes. Some of these tasks will be more expensive and complicated to execute without the IGOs. There are situations where IGOs are not only created to solve problems but to provide platforms for discu ssion. Some examples of IGOs and their functions include[5]: IGO FUNCTION United Nations (UN) Maintain international peace and security. Develop friendly relations among nations. Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems. Function as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations World Bank This International Financial Institution works on reducing poverty. It helps developing countries by giving loans. The Group of Eight (G8) The Group of 8 is made up of the worlds leading industrial countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, USA and Russia). The head of the G8 countries meet each year to discuss global issues such as world poverty and security. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Military alliance. A system of collective defence where its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party Nongovernmental Organizations Not all actors play governmental roles in the International scene. Nongovernmental organizations, also called NGOs, are defined as non-profit organizations who advocate or otherwise pursue policies for the good of the public. Nongovernmental organizations are engaged in issues such as human rights humanitarian aid, economic development, and social welfare, among other things. Some well-known NGOs include the Red Cross, Greenpeace, Oxfam, and Amnesty International. Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) In the 21st century, many people have discovered that by being a part of Non-governmental organizations they could in a way participate in the global system and lobby to influence International organizations. Most have joined as members of one or more NGOs, which are more about members and not states, but have volunteers from populations of two or more states which have formed organizations to promote their shared interests and ideas to influence the policies of state governments and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). NGOs tackle many global problems and seek changes in the world for causes such as disarmament, environmental protection, human rights and many more. Most pursue objectives that are highly respected and constructive, and therefore do not provoke any controversy or arouse much opposition. NGOs interact with states, sub-state actors, MNCs, and other NGOs. NGOs are increasingly being recognized in the UN and other forums, as legitimate actors along with states but is not equal to them. Some of the groups have a political purpose, some a humanitarian one, some an economic or a technical one. There are times when NGOs combine efforts through transnational advocacy networks. By joining NGOs, many people found that they could participate in the global system and lobby to influence international organizations. Some examples of NGOs include: Amnesty International Amnesty International is a worldwide movement of people who campaign for internationally recognized human rights for all. They conduct research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have been violated. Some of the issues that has been campaign are armed conflict issues and protection of civilians, basic welfare of children, LGBT rights, rights of people with AIDS, womens rights, disability rights, human impact of pollution and environmental degradation, freedom of the press and many more[6] Oxfam An international confederation of 17 organizations networked together in 92 countries, as part of a global movement for change, to build a future free from the injustice of poverty. The well-known organization works to help eliminate global poverty with long-term and sustainable solutions.[7] AIESEC links students worldwide World Wide Fund for Nature works on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment) and hundreds and thousands more of NGOs to go Wikimedia Foundation Is dedicated to encouraging the growth, development and distribution of free, multilingual content, and to providing the full content of these wiki-based projects to the public free of charge. The Wikimedia Foundation operates some of the largest collaboratively edited reference projects in the world, including Wikipedia, a top-ten internet property[8] PATH It stands for Program for Appropriate Technology in Health, work with the private and public sectors to help with advancing technologies to address global health challenges. Political Groups that Advocate Violence (Terrorists) Terrorists or rather political groups that advocate violence might not call themselves NGOs, but they operate in the same manner which are by interacting both with states and with relevant populations and institutions through violence and planning attacks. These groups held great power and can influence the international relations between states[9]. A group that is currently active now is the Al-Qaeda. The incidence on the spectacularly destructive attack of September 11, 2001 by members of Al-Qaeda, has demonstrated the increasing power that technology gives terrorists as non-state actors. Other than that, the Al Qaeda also placed suicide bombers in U.S. cities, coordinate their operations and finances through Internet and global banking system, and reach a global audience with the videotaped exhortations of Osama bin Laden. International Criminal Groups: These actors are considered as transnational actors but they act in an illegitimate manner. Transnational criminals often operate in well-organized groups, intentionally united to carry out illegal actions. Groups typically involve certain hierarchies and are headed by a powerful leader. These transnational organized crime groups work to make a profit through illegal activities. Because groups operate internationally, their activity is a threat to global security, often weakening governmental institutions or destroying legitimate business endeavors. Most of these groups are involved in drugs, prostitution, human trafficking, firearms and many other crimes. Some examples of international criminal groups would be the Yakuza in Japan, the Sicilian Mafia in Italy and Triads in Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and in countries with significant Chinese population. Multinational Enterprises Transnational Actors Transnational actors are actors that are active below the state level as well as across the state borders. There are two types of transnational actors. They are the transnational corporations(TNCs) or multinational corporations(MNCs) and the nongovernmental organizations(NGOs). Transnational Corporations(TNCs) / Multinational Corporations(MNCs). Other group of actors in International relations are Multinational companies. They are companies whose aims is to make profit and their business interests transcend across more than one state. Most times, these Multinational Enterprises do command vast amounts of resources that rival, and even surpass, the resources of smaller states. Examples of MNEs include: Dangote Group, Epson, Facebook, GlaxoSmithKline, Exon Mobil, etc. It is however important to note that these interests of Multinational Enterprises do not necessarily correspond with or favor the interests of the states in which they operate, or even with their home state where the Multinational Enterprises was formed and their headquarter situated. For example, an MNE may be opposed to trade sanctions on another state, even if its home state wants the sanctions to punish bad behavior, because the sanctions are bad for its business. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are companies that have headquarter in one state but invest and operate extensively in other states. MNCs are based in one state but have branches or subsidiaries operating in other states. In other words, MNC is a large corporation operating on a worldwide basis in many countries at the same time, with fixed facilities and employees in each. The types of MNCs are : Industrial corporations makes goods in factories in many countries and sell them to business and consumers in various countries. The largest MNCs are automobile, oil, and electronic industries. Almost all the MNCS are based in the G7 states. Examples of this MNCs are Sony, Honda, Toyota, Petronas and more. Financial corporations such as banks, they operate multi nationally with more restrictions than industrial corporations. Examples are Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation Limited (OCBC Bank) and others. Services Such as McDonalds fast-food chain, international airlines like MAS, Asiana Airlines and more, Hilton Hotels Resorts and many others. Multinational Corporations are becoming more powerful as independent actors. A great number of the industrial MNCs have annual turn over sales of billions of dollars. MNCs are most times able to match with most international organizations in terms of size and financial resources. The largest IGO (UN) has about 2 billion dollars a year in revenue, compare to more than 250 billion dollars for the largest MNC. The largest state (United States) has government revenues of 2 trillion dollars. Therefore, this shows that the power of MNCs does not rival the largest states but exceeds many poorer states and many IOs.[10] Multinational Corporations are viewed as citizens of a world beholden to no government[11]. They act internationally in the interests of their (international) shareholders and do owe no form loyalty to no state. They have the motivation maximize profits. MNCs operations support a global business infrastructure connecting a transnational community of businesspeople. MNCs also contribute to their host countrys development. As MNCs operate in other states, it will provide job opportunities for the locals in that state and thus, helped to stabilize the economy in that state.[12] In determining if States are still the most important players in International politics, it is important to examine theories related to this argument 1. Realism: Realism portrays the political system of the world as an anarchic struggle for power and security among competing states. Per realism, there is at all no higher authority than that of the states. Due to this, states in alliance with other states or individually, make provision for their own defence. Power therefore is the only means of achieving security. Security also follows from the willingness to act prevent any state from achieving a preeminent and threatening position in International politics. 2. Radicalism: this school of thought view International politics as organized in line with capitalist imperatives. International relations are structured, conceptualised and dominated by the unequal relationship between the developed and developing worlds. Therefore, a Radical systematic change is important to achieve security on a global platform, security here is understood as a factor of the satisfaction of basic needs for the population of the world irrespective of their national identity. 3. Liberal Internationalism: The liberal Nationalist view suggests that there are certain reasons to believe that the dominant identity of states might be weakening. International institutions, international law, International trade and international commerce have all contributed tremendously to the developing global community. So therefore, we should describe the world not just in terms of state interaction only but also in terms of an increasing community. why states are no loger the key actors Per the traditional perspective, states play the major role in international Politics but after the World War, communications technology has been on the rise, international division of labor and the expansion of global trade, a great number of international organizations have also established. The international scene has changed due to the forces of globalization. It is now of importance that states communicate with one other, which influence international political, economic, military and culture to a great degree. The increasing number of these organizations is parallel to the increasing levels of political, economic, military and cultural transactions between individuals, societies and states. These kinds of non-state actors challenge the state- centric perception. There are two prevailing theories about the role of the state in international relations. Neorealism emphasizes the state plays the most important role in international arena. On one hand, the state possesses sovereign power to insure domestic security. On the other hand, neorealism also stresses the state influence economy in international relations. Neoliberalism not only indicates that the state is the main behavior body in international system, but also affirms the role of non-states, such as international organization, transnational organizations and other kinds of social organizations. As a by-product of intensified globalization process, these kinds of organizations have become more significant determinants of foreign policies of the state. By looking at globalization, the proliferation of non-state actors is gaining international influence and position. Non-state actors can be divided into international intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and transnational or international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). International intergovernmental organizations are created by states. They have official document of government agencies. On the contrary, transnational or international non-governmental organizations are established not by the state, but by some group of businessmen, individuals and other societal units. They have no legal connection with the state, so they are genuinely transnational. But the state can restrain the activities of these kinds of organizations. There are several powerful organizations such as the European Union, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the United Nations. Though these organizations own strong power in the international relations, they are entire operate by states. Along with the intensification of globalization the growth of so many kinds of non-state actors is bound to influence the status of the state in international relations. But they cannot substitute for the state. The state is still the most important actor in international relations. The role of the state in the international economy, politics and climate The question of whether the advent of Globalization can lead to extinction of State importance in the International hemisphere would be examined. Cristopher Clapham believes that the globalization is at the core of human existence such that it can be found in every sphere of importance such as the economy, politics and climate[13] The influence on globalization on the economy from State level to the world stage cannot be overemphasised but the State still has legitimate power on certain levels. If a company is to establish its organization in a State, t is under the jurisdiction of that State. The state wield the authority to allow, suspend or close down any operating company within its territory. This point tends to the State the most important actor in international politics as it has the right to determine the scope of a companys operations. States are the components of International politics and it(international politics) is significant in fostering international cooperation, conducting business and ensuring world peace among States. The peace of the world is of grave importance in international politics. The world peace is not attainable by just a state. This goal of peace is only brought out by the endeavour of the whole world. International organizations are making great deal of efforts to prevent any form of chaos that can be caused by war, but still the mantle rests on the shoulders of the state to play the major role in international Politics. Global warming is another issue gradually become a significant in the world due to climate globalization. The negative effects of global warming could have adverse effects on the climate such as the rising of sea levels which affects the world as a whole. States have taken it upon themselves to eradicate this problem by drafting policies. An example of an international agreement called the Kyoto Protocol has been formulated to ensure States take actions necessary to cut down pollution and prevent greenhouse effect. It is worthy to note that such policies can only to d rafted by Stats and International organizations can only support them in actualising these goals. This further proves the importance of states in the international hemisphere. After reviewing the more general treatment of actors in different theoretical perspectives, and if non-state actors are a factor to be reckoned with in the study of world politics, it is important to conceptualize these types of actors. Non-State Actors are most times seen as very having little influence on world politics especially from the perspectives of the realist and other state centric, according to them, it is predominantly states that retain power in international relations but this assumption has been faulted because when realism and liberalism were developed as consistent theories, the influence of non-state actors was indeed very limited and close to non-existence Second, by focusing on the state as main actors, state-centric theories overlook the importance of indirect influence of Non State actor. Watzlawick, Weakland Fisch (dentify two types of change: First order change describes the change within a system, whilst second order change is the change of the system itself, therefore could be considered as meta-change. Although Watzla wicket al. Were concerned with change on the psychological level of human interaction, they note that their concept of change is also applicable to a wide variety of systems. In the system of international politics, first order change is a change that is part of the system and the political structure actors engage in, and thus plays a part retaining the current political structure. Second order change however will lead to a substantial change of the political structure and the way that political actors interact. However, it is necessary to note that an actor may affect international relations, even though it is not in the way desired by the actor itself. This would be the case if the action of an actor is met with fierce resistance, which would consequentially change the system in a way not desired by the original actor. NSAs have been defined as actors that do not represent the states, but act on an international level. They include: Intergovernmental organisations), transnational corporations, non-governmental organisations, epistemic communities (i.e. Networks of scientists and experts and others which include criminal and terrorist organisations. With regard to the first group, IGOs, there is a disparity whether they can be considered as real NSA, because they are set up and controlled by governments of nation states it is necessary to consider the influence exerted by NSAs on a multi-level basis. For example, a NSA may try to influence international l politics by lobbying on the domestic level of a state or in international organisations. TNCs are international corporations with offices and products in different countries. Multi-National Companies can exercise a huge influence on local laws. An example of this is the US-based TNC Texaco, whilst operating in Ecuador, was technically immune to hum an rights claims]. The company dumped toxic waste in the Amazon region. In realism theory, it is assumed that a sovereign country-in this case Ecuador-has to ensure that human rights are enforced, and has the power to do so .Hence ,TNCs only indirectly accountable for human rights obligation s through government regulation .But due to the importance of foreign investment ,particularly for developing countries ,particularly developing countries cannot follow their obligations (Texaco ,with global earning s four times the size of Ecuadors GDP ,was able to operate as a state unto itself Admittedly ,it could be argued that Texaco acted as a pro -longed arm of the United States There have been cases where Multinational companies have been able to exercise significant influence over their home countries .As demonstrated, TNCs show a high capacity for first order change ,although often indirectly by using governments and international organisation . There is a considerable structural dependence of states on Multi National Companies, which will make policy maker s take business interests into account when drafting legislation without being pressured. However, it is difficult to account for such indirect powers without political activity, because they are not trace able. NGOs are non-profit, non-violent organisations that are not set up by the government and are not trying to get hold of power. Examples are the French civil rights group La Quadraturedu Net, Amnesty International and the role of foreign NGOs involved in the Ukrainian Orange Revolution will be investigated. La Quadrature is a civil right s organisation that lobbies for net neutrality on European level. It takes position for ne t neutrality and against copyright extension and software patents and is supported by the American Electronic Frontier Foundation In their recent campaign against the three strikes approach, proposed under the French EU presidency, La Quadrature was quite successful in achieving their goals. Most of the amendments they lobbied against were rejected and s ome of their own proposals put into place instead. Within the framework of intergovernmental organisations, this capacity gives it greater power than any single government (Willets 1982, p24, ascitedin: Arts2003, p7). Thus, after an extensive campaign against torture, Amnesty International co-drafted the anti-torture convention Again, one might question the relevance of Amnesty sanctions. However, Arts (2003) notes that there salting treaty we profound change in the underlying principle of the international community and affected states sovereignty; states could no longer refer to human rights abuses as internal matters. American NGOs supporting the Ukrainian democracy movements have often been criticised for taking sides to increase US influence over the Ukraine. But Wilson (2006) notes that oppositional NGOs were not overly advantaged by Western funds, although support for governmental initiatives was cutback in consequence of a lack of co-operation by the Ukrainian government .Ev en so, pre-revolutionary backing for the government Russia was significantly higher than overall Western funds(Wilson2006).Instead ,oppositional NGOs used their money much more effectively and Western-funded exit polls proved an important tool in preventing voting fraud (Wilson2006).The resulting regime change affected Ukrainian-Russian relations drastically and it has been suggested that it is partly responsible for quarrels over gas prices that affected EU gas deliveriesinwinter2008(Wilson2006,Willershausen 2008). Ithancommercialones(BusÂÂ ´e2001). But binding such NSAs into international agreements banning land mines presents severe complications to international politics. Many NSAs are not willing to sign a ban, whereas some states refuse to join the ban, because hostile NSAs are still using land mines. Additionally, monitoring is difficult. Military NSAs are not bound to law of the state the operate in, precisely because this state cannot retain control. (BusÂÂ ´e2001 ) Therefore, BusÂÂ ´e(2001) stresses the importance of Recognising the relevance of NSAs in international politics individually, NGOs tend to operate on small single-issues, and have much less competencies compared to governments. The sheer number of NGOs still makes the man important actor on the international scene, maybe not individually but as a whole(Arts2003).However ,as demonstrated ,NGOs are not only capable of first order change ,but in the case of Amnesty ,also second order change, by changing the structure of state interaction Terrorist and military guerilla groups affect international politics in a different way .Thus ,in disintegrating states ,some NSAs are the de-facto government(BusÂÂ ´e2001,Cusimano-Love2002).This does not only poses severe problems for the local population but also complicates the political interaction on an international level. According to BusÂÂ ´e (2001) land mines pose a major problem as they contaminate land even years after wars , and because se lf-produced land mine soft en used by military NSAs are even more dangerous Particularly after the cold war and within creasing globalisation, NSAs were able to fill gaps left by declining state influence over political, social and economic conditions (Cusimano-Love2002,Jochnick1999). NSAs benefited drastically from increasing globalisation. The increasing importance of international media and Internet has given NGOs a platform to connect with other NGOs and raise support and awareness for the issues they stand for .Additionally ,human rights groups have been given important tasks in securing the survival of people in humanitarian crises (

The Ninja :: essays research papers

Master of the Orient THE NINJA Born and raised in New York City, Eric Lustbader graduated from Columbia University in 1969. Lustbader has had a number of fascinating best-selling novels, including Black Heart and Angel Eyes, he introduced Elton John to the American music scene. He spent fifteen years in the music industry in various capacities, including working for both Elektra and CBS Records. He is a former writer for Cash Box magazine where he wrote lead stories on new rock acts. In that capacity, he was the first person in the United States to predict the success of Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie and Satana, among many others. Lustbader has taught in the All-Day Neighbourhood School Division of the NYC Public School System and has also taught pre-schoolers in special early Childhood programmes. Eric Lustbader, who travels worldwide in researching his novels, lives in Southampton, New York, with his wife Victoria Lustbader, who works for the Nature Conservancy. Well, I don't want to give the whole story away in this report, so I am going to summarise the story very briefly. The book isn't really just about a few selected people, but instead the author tries to see it from a lot of different perspectives. Therefore the reader get to know a variety of personalities. The Ninja is a high-voltage novel of intrigue and sensuality, richly characterised, fuelled by relentless suspense, an extraordinary thriller, least to say. If there's a main character in the book I think it would be Nicholas Linnear, a man of half-English, half-Oriental origin. A quite special man I will tell you more about later in this report. Anyway, the story begins with a murder, a clean, silent and mysterious murder. The police don't have a clue, so they call in Nicholas, an expert on this type of murders. Nicholas doesn't want to tell the others in the beginning, but he has his thoughts. As the story continues he start to split up the problem and suddenly everything is crystal clear. This isn't the usual type of murder, instead something even worse. An assassination, performed by a man bound by the blackest code of honour and skilled in the deadliest martial arts. This was the work of a ninja, a far remnant of the East. Nicholas must fight against a past he can't escape, trapped in a web of old lust and present passions, he uses all his skill and knowledge to survive.